{"id":11941,"date":"2024-07-02T16:31:39","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T14:31:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/strasbourg.eleusal.com\/?p=11941"},"modified":"2024-07-02T16:31:39","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T14:31:39","slug":"july-5-independence-day-of-venezuela-portraits-of-the-women-involved","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/strasbourg.eleusal.com\/en\/july-5-independence-day-of-venezuela-portraits-of-the-women-involved\/","title":{"rendered":"July 5, Independence Day of Venezuela: Portraits of the women involved"},"content":{"rendered":"

Written by\u00a0Delphine During and Augustine Nenetrier<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Venezuela<\/strong><\/a> is located in South America, this territory is larger than France and Germany combined.<\/strong> Christopher Columbus arrived in Venezuela in 1498. Europeans named this territory Venezuela, literally “Little Venice,” because the locals built their homes on water<\/a>.<\/strong> It was in 1546 that Spain officially claimed the territory. Spanish farmers settled there to grow corn, tobacco, sugar, and cocoa and enriched themselves through trade. The society was governed by representatives of the Spanish monarchy and members of the clergy. The Creoles<\/a><\/strong> (descendants of Europeans born in America) possessed wealth and land but little power. All non-white people (mestizos, black slaves, indigenous) were dominated and had no social status. The various injustices imposed by the Spanish administration (taxes, levies…) displeased the Creoles. Disloyalty to the monarchy was punished, as seen in the book “Premios de la obediencia: castigos de la inobediencia”<\/strong><\/a> published in 1782 by Azero. Driven by the independence movements in other countries, such as France and the United States, and by a weakening of royal power in Spain, groups of Creoles fought for emancipation. Among these groups were generals (such as Francisco de Miranda<\/strong><\/a>), great leaders (such as Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar<\/strong><\/a>), but also women, feminist and heroic figures<\/strong> who took part in the struggle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\"Apprendre-espagnol-Strasbourg_Independencia-Venezuela-2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Josefa Camejo<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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Josefa Camejo<\/strong><\/a> was born on May 18, 1791, on a farm in Paraguan\u00e1 and grew up there. She then attended a convent school, before moving to Barinas with her mother and uncle, who was the secretary of the independence movement of the “Junta Patri\u00f3tica de M\u00e9rida”<\/strong>. She led a group of women opposed to the royalists and participated in clandestine activities. She signed the petition titled “Representaci\u00f3n que hace el Bello Sexo al Gobierno de Barinas<\/strong><\/a>“. It read:<\/p>\n

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\u201cEl sexo femenino, sen\u0303or, no teme los horrores de la guerra: el estallido del can\u0303o\u0301n no hara\u0301 ma\u0301s que alentarle, su fuego encendera\u0301 el deseo de su libertad, que sostendra\u0301 a toda costa en obsequio del suelo patrio\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

(“The female sex, sir, does not fear the horrors of war: the cannon’s roar will only encourage it, its fire will ignite the desire for freedom, which will be upheld at all costs in service to the homeland”).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The women committed to defending the city of Barinas, which feared a royalist invasion. In 1813, she married Colonel Juan Nepomuceno Brice\u00f1o M\u00e9ndez.<\/strong> The city of Barinas was besieged, and Josefa had to flee with the troops, disguised as a man, with her mother and a friend. During the journey, she cared for wounded soldiers. In 1821, leading 300 slaves working in her Paraguan\u00e1 herd, she rebelled against the royalist forces of the province<\/strong> but was unsuccessful and had to escape by throwing herself into the sea. On May 3, 1821, accompanied by 15 men, she confronted and defeated the royalist leader Chepito Gonz\u00e1lez in Baraived, in the province of Coro! After the declaration of Independence, she retired to live with her family on her estate and died on July 5, 1862.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\"Apprendre-espagnol-Strasbourg_Independencia-Venezuela-4\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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In 2002, during International Women’s Day, her remains were moved to the National Pantheon of Venezuela.<\/strong> In tribute, she is also depicted on the country’s banknotes. Additionally, on May 3, 2023, President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro posted a message on Twitter to commemorate the 202nd anniversary of the Coro province uprising for independence.<\/p>\n

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Juana Rami\u0301rez<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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Juana Ram\u00edrez<\/strong><\/a> was born on January 12, 1790, as a slave in Chaguaramal. Until 1813, she worked as a laundress in the city of Matur\u00edn. Her mother was a black slave from Guadeloupe, and her father was believed to be a Spanish general. When the city was attacked by Domingo de Monteverde<\/strong> (a military and colonial administrator), she led the “Bater\u00eda de las Mujeres”<\/strong><\/a>, a group of a hundred women who fought alongside men to defend independence. On May 25, 1813, during the “Alto de los Godos”<\/strong> battle, Juana was the first to bravely advance towards the enemy, earning her the nickname “La Avanzadora.” When the troops ran out of ammunition, the women attacked Monteverde, who had to flee from such an assault. During the fight, under a hail of bullets, Juana reportedly took the sword of a dead Spanish general. She brandished the sword in victory<\/strong> (a pose that can be seen on her statue in Matur\u00edn). After the battle, she and other women cared for the wounded and buried the dead, both patriots and royalists. Despite the heroism of the population, the city was captured by Spanish troops. Juana fled to the countryside, where she led guerrilla warfare. She returned to Matur\u00edn in 1816 and participated in the reconstruction of the city, which had been razed by the royalists. In 2015, her remains were moved to the Pantheon, making her the first black woman buried in the national mausoleum of heroes. <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"Apprendre-espagnol-Strasbourg_Independencia-Venezuela-5\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Manuela Sa\u0301enz<\/h2>\n

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Manuela S\u00e1enz<\/strong><\/a> was born on December 27, 1797, and grew up in the Convent of the Conceptas Nuns, from which she fled at the age of 17. At 24, she became interested in politics and joined the Peruvian independence movement.<\/strong> She was awarded the title of “Knight of the Order of the Sun<\/a>“<\/strong> of Peru by Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn<\/strong> (a precursor of Peruvian independence). However, a few months later, she had to return to Quito, her hometown, following the death of an aunt, where she met Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar on June 16, 1822;<\/strong> it was love at first sight.<\/strong> She decided to stay with him, against the wishes of her husband James Thorne, who wanted her to return. More than just a militant, Manuela S\u00e1enz passionately engaged in Bol\u00edvar’s campaigns, known for greatly contributing to the liberation of many South American countries, such as Venezuela and Bolivia. Thus, she reached the rank of colonel in the independence army.<\/strong> Additionally, she was involved in relaying information within the revolutionary network, advocated for women’s rights, and took on the dangerous task of espionage. She even managed to save Bol\u00edvar’s life:<\/strong> in September 1828, when Bol\u00edvar was targeted by an assassination attempt, she persuaded him not to fight back and to escape through the window while she responded naively and imprecisely to the attackers’ questions. This brave act earned her a nickname from Bol\u00edvar: “the liberator of the liberator”.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"Apprendre-espagnol-Strasbourg_Independencia-Venezuela-6\"<\/a>

Manuela S\u00e1enz portant l\u2019insigne de l\u2019ordre du Soleil<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Luisa Caceres de Arismendi<\/h2>\n

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Luisa C\u00e1ceres de Arismendi<\/strong><\/a> was a Venezuelan heroine who fought with great conviction for Venezuela’s independence.<\/p>\n

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She was born on September 25, 1799, in Caracas, the capital of Venezuela. She received a good education from an early age, thanks in part to her father, who taught her to read and write and instilled in her values and principles that would later guide her actions. But on March 6, 1814, the soldiers of Francisco Rosete (a royalist leader) killed Luisa’s father<\/strong> while he was at the Ocumare garrison, invited by a commander named Juan Jos\u00e9 Toro. Ten days later, her brother was executed<\/strong> following the defeat of the troops of Juan Bautista Arismendi<\/strong><\/a> (Luisa C\u00e1ceres de Arismendi’s future husband and head of the military command of Caracas) who came to defend the patriots killed on March 6 in Ocumare. As a result of these events, many people decided to flee, including Luisa’s family. Unfortunately, she lost three aunts during the crossing.<\/strong> Luisa, her mother, and her little brother reached Margarita Island, where they were protected by Juan Bautista Arismendi. Luisa and Juan Bautista married in insecurity on December 4, 1814.<\/strong> About a year later, Luisa was arrested by Spanish authorities<\/strong> who had regained control of the island because of her connection to Arismendi, who was a target for the Spaniards, thus exerting pressure on Arismendi. She gave birth to a daughter in the Santa Rosa prison,<\/strong> who died at birth.<\/strong> Luisa was then sent to the Pampatar fortress, then La Guaira, and a convent in Caracas in 1816. She was finally transferred to Cadiz in December 1816<\/strong> after the victories of republican forces led by her husband and Jos\u00e9 Antonio P\u00e1ez. She returned to Venezuela in 1818 upon her release, welcomed and honored for upholding her republican and freedom ideals. Seen as a heroine, she entered the National Pantheon in 1876. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Despite the terrible tragedy that pursued her throughout her life, Luisa C\u00e1ceres de Arismendi never renounced her principles and ideas, demonstrating her strength and courage. In recognition, banknotes bearing her likeness were produced, and a commemorative plaque was erected in Santa Rosa (see images).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\"Apprendre-espagnol-Strasbourg_Independencia-Venezuela-7\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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To go further…<\/h2>\n
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The Spanish-Venezuelan film \u201cLibertador<\/a>\u201d<\/strong><\/em>, eleased in 2013, recounts the epic of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar and more generally the history of Venezuela’s (fictionalized) independence, directed by Alberto Arvelo. This film supports the idea that Spain is now in the mindset of acknowledging and communicating the mistakes made in the past towards Venezuela, so that such situations do not happen again in the future.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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From this tormented period at the beginning of the 19th century in Venezuela came a flag,<\/strong> which would become the Venezuelan flag, whose three colours – yellow, blue and red – represent respectively love for the homeland, the sea and the blood spilt to obtain independence.<\/strong> Following Venezuela’s declaration of independence, all links with the Kingdom of Spain were severed, but some relations were restored in 1845 when a treaty of peace and friendship was signed. Subsequently, great political instability accompanied by internal struggles led to the dissolution of Gran Colombia (1819-1831),<\/strong> and the constitution of a sovereign and independent Venezuela. Subsequently, governors from conservative parties such as Jos\u00e9 Antonio P\u00e1ez,<\/strong> liberals such as Jos\u00e9 Gregorio Monagas,<\/strong> and independents such as Pedro Gual Escand\u00f3n<\/strong> have succeeded one another at the head of Venezuela, whose status has evolved considerably over time; several republics and states have followed one another to give way to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,<\/strong> establishing a government based on a republican, representative and federal model, inspired by the American model of 1787. The current president, Nicol\u00e1s Maduro Moros,<\/strong> a member of the PSUV, the Unified Socialist Party of Venezuela, is standing in the presidential elections to be held on 28 July 2024, with a view to securing a second term of office. In addition, opposition leader Maria Corina Machado<\/strong> denounced the arrest or detention of 37 political activists on 17 June, referring to “a regime that criminalises political activity and the electoral campaign”<\/em>. Political tensions within the country are currently high.<\/p>\n

Today, women’s rights have advanced in many countries.<\/strong> In Venezuela, for example, new legislation was passed in 2021 to encourage girls to study science. Despite this, violence and street harassment persist, and there is discrimination against disabled, indigenous and migrant women in schools. However, the actions of heroic, revolutionary women such as those mentioned throughout this article are recognised,<\/strong> as evidenced by their inclusion in the National Pantheon, as well as commemorative plaques and depictions on banknotes.<\/p>\n

Lastly, Venezuela’s independence, commemorated on the bank holidays of 5 July,<\/strong> has had a profound impact on the country’s history, shaping a rich and diverse political and cultural future and building a unique identity for this territory, which, thanks to the revolutionary men and women whose battles it fought, developed as soon as it emerged from Spanish domination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\"Apprendre-espagnol-Strasbourg_Independencia-Venezuela-8\"<\/a>

Flag of the First Republic (1811)<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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And don’t forget, if you want to learn Spanish and get to know all these stories at the same time, sign up for our Spanish courses in Strasbourg<\/a>, in groups<\/a> or one-to-one<\/a>, don’t miss out!<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Sources :<\/h3>\n

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– Azero, R. (1782) Rewards for Obedience, Punishment for Disobedience. Santa Fe\u0301 de Bogota\u0301: D. Antonio Espinosa de los Monteros. from the Library of Congress, https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2021666807\/<\/p>\n

– Hondius, H. (1612) Venezuela with the Southern Part of New Andalusia. [Place of Publication Not Identified: Publisher Not Identified, to 1699] from the Library of Congress, https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2021668501\/<\/p>\n

– DHV : diccionario de historia de Venezuela, minec.gob.ve, vtv.gob.ve, mincul.gob.ve<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Manuela-Saenz<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/articles\/manuela-saenz-female-revolutionary-latin-america<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/latinoamerica21.com\/en\/9509-2\/<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/histoireparlesfemmes.com\/2016\/02\/08\/manuela-saenz-revolutionnaire-feministe\/<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/www.venezuelatuya.com\/biografias\/caceres_luisa.htm<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Luisa-Caceres-de-Arismendi<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/www.biografiasyvidas.com\/biografia\/c\/caceres.htm<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/venescope.com\/2020\/08\/23\/petites-et-grandes-histoires-des-drapeaux-venezuela-simon-bolivar -ou-le-reve-dune-grande-colombie\/<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Written by\u00a0Delphine During and Augustine Nenetrier. Venezuela is located in South America, this territory is larger than France and Germany combined. Christopher Columbus arrived in Venezuela in 1498. Europeans named this territory Venezuela, literally “Little Venice,” because the locals built their homes on water. It…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":11943,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[663,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hispanic-culture","category-sin-categoria"],"yoast_head":"\nJuly 5, Independence Day of Venezuela: Portraits of the women involved - ELE USAL Strasbourg<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/strasbourg.eleusal.com\/en\/july-5-independence-day-of-venezuela-portraits-of-the-women-involved\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"July 5, Independence Day of Venezuela: Portraits of the women involved - ELE USAL Strasbourg\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Written by\u00a0Delphine During and Augustine Nenetrier. 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