{"id":16974,"date":"2026-02-06T18:57:32","date_gmt":"2026-02-06T17:57:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/strasbourg.eleusal.com\/?p=16974"},"modified":"2026-02-06T18:57:32","modified_gmt":"2026-02-06T17:57:32","slug":"decrire-une-image-en-espagnol-hay-estan-et-tienen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/strasbourg.eleusal.com\/fr\/decrire-une-image-en-espagnol-hay-estan-et-tienen\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9crire une image en espagnol : hay, est\u00e1(n) et tiene(n)"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00e9crire une image en espagnol, c\u2019est une chose : aider l\u2019autre \u00e0 \u00ab voir \u00bb la sc\u00e8ne. Pour y arriver, tu dois s\u00e9parer trois id\u00e9es diff\u00e9rentes :\u00a0ce qui existe<\/strong>\u00a0(hay<\/em>),\u00a0o\u00f9 c\u2019est<\/strong>\u00a0(est\u00e1\/est\u00e1n<\/em>) et\u00a0ce que quelqu\u2019un\/quelque chose a<\/strong>\u00a0(tiene\/tienen<\/em>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Describir<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Trois questions, trois verbes<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Quand tu d\u00e9cris, pose-toi ces trois questions (dans cet ordre) :<\/p>\n

– Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019il y a ?<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0HAY + nom<\/strong>\u00a0: tu pr\u00e9sentes des \u00e9l\u00e9ments nouveaux.
\nEx. :\u00a0Hay tres personas. Hay una mesa.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u200b- <\/span>O\u00f9 est-ce que c\u2019est \/ o\u00f9 sont-ils ?<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0EST\u00c1 \/ EST\u00c1N + lieu<\/strong>\u00a0: tu situes dans l\u2019espace.
\nEx. :\u00a0La mesa est\u00e1 en el centro. Ellos est\u00e1n en un parque.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u200b- <\/span>Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019il\/elle a ? \/ Qu\u2019est-ce que \u00e7a contient ?<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0TIENE \/ TIENEN + objet \/ caract\u00e9ristique<\/strong>\u00a0: tu d\u00e9cris des d\u00e9tails visibles.
\nEx. :\u00a0\u00c9l tiene una mochila. La sala tiene dos ventanas.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u200b<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00ab Il y a \u00bb vs \u00ab hay \u00bb (l\u2019erreur typique)<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Pourquoi \u00ab il y a la Tour Eiffel \u00bb fonctionne en fran\u00e7ais, mais pas \u00ab hay la Torre Eiffel \u00bb en espagnol ?<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

En fran\u00e7ais,\u00a0il y a<\/em>\u00a0peut \u00eatre suivi d\u2019un nom\u00a0d\u00e9fini<\/strong>\u00a0(il y a la Tour Eiffel, il y a le livre sur la table<\/em>). En espagnol, quand\u00a0hay<\/em>\u00a0signifie \u00ab il existe \/ il y a dans un lieu \u00bb, on pr\u00e9sente en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral une information\u00a0nouvelle<\/strong>\u00a0: le nom appara\u00eet donc\u00a0sans article<\/strong>\u00a0ou avec un\u00a0ind\u00e9fini<\/strong>\u00a0(un\/una<\/em>) ou des quantifieurs (mucho, muchos, varios\u2026<\/em>).<\/p>\n

La RAE r\u00e9sume ainsi : au sens existentiel,\u00a0haber<\/em>\u00a0(hay \/ hab\u00eda<\/em>) n\u2019admet pas, sauf exceptions, l\u2019article d\u00e9fini<\/strong>\u00a0; des phrases comme\u00a0Hay las cartas en el buz\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0ou\u00a0Hab\u00eda el reloj sobre la mesa<\/em>\u00a0sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es agrammaticales.<\/p>\n

\u200b<\/p>\n

Alors, comment dire correctement \u00ab La Tour Eiffel \u00bb ?<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Cela d\u00e9pend de ce que tu veux dire :<\/p>\n

– Pour pr\u00e9senter ce qui existe dans un lieu (existence) :<\/strong>
\n\u2705\u00a0En Par\u00eds hay una torre muy famosa.<\/em>\u00a0(tu pr\u00e9sentes quelque chose de \u00ab nouveau \u00bb pour l\u2019auditeur)<\/p>\n

– Pour localiser quelque chose de d\u00e9j\u00e0 connu (localisation) :<\/strong>
\n\u2705\u00a0La Torre Eiffel est\u00e1 en Par\u00eds.<\/em>\u00a0(ici, ce n\u2019est pas l\u2019existence : c\u2019est la localisation, donc\u00a0estar<\/em>)<\/p>\n

– Si tu veux utiliser directement le nom propre (tr\u00e8s naturel) :<\/strong>
\n\u2705\u00a0En Par\u00eds est\u00e1 la Torre Eiffel.<\/em>\u00a0(estar<\/em>\u00a0+ lieu = localisation)<\/p>\n

\u200b
\n\u200b<\/p>\n

Et il y a des exceptions ?<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

La r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale pour les apprenants est simple : avec\u00a0hay<\/em>, n\u2019utilise pas\u00a0el\/la\/los\/las<\/em>. La RAE mentionne des \u00ab cas particuliers \u00bb, mais aux niveaux A2\u2013B1 (et pour \u00e9viter l\u2019interf\u00e9rence du fran\u00e7ais), il vaut mieux retenir d\u2019abord la r\u00e8gle forte : hay + (un\/una) \/ (nombre) \/ (muchos) \/ (\u00d8)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u200b<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Ce qui \u00e9choue souvent (et pourquoi)<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Si tu es francophone, il est normal de m\u00e9langer ces trois verbes, parce qu\u2019en parlant vite, le cerveau essaie de traduire et \u00ab fusionne \u00bb existence, lieu et possession. Garde cette correction rapide :<\/p>\n

– \u274c En la foto est\u00e1 tres personas.<\/em>\u00a0\u2192 \u2705\u00a0En la foto hay<\/strong> tres personas.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u274c Hay la mesa en el centro.<\/em>\u00a0\u2192 \u2705\u00a0La mesa est\u00e1<\/strong> en el centro.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u274c La chica est\u00e1 una chaqueta roja.<\/em>\u00a0\u2192 \u2705\u00a0La chica tiene<\/strong> una chaqueta roja.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Vocabulaire minimum pour ne pas bloquer<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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– Personnes (hay) :<\/strong>\u00a0un chico, una chica, un grupo, unos amigos, un profesor\/una profesora, un cliente\/una clienta, un compa\u00f1ero\/una compa\u00f1era.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Objets (hay \/ tiene) :<\/strong>\u00a0una mochila, un m\u00f3vil, un libro, una mesa, una silla, un ordenador, una libreta, una carpeta, un bol\u00edgrafo.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Actions faciles (est\u00e1n + g\u00e9rondif) :<\/strong>\u00a0hablando, estudiando, trabajando, esperando, mirando, escribiendo, ri\u00e9ndose.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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O\u00f9 est chaque chose ? Mots de position<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Apr\u00e8s avoir dit \u00ab ce qu\u2019il y a \u00bb, ce qui te fait sonner naturel, c\u2019est d\u2019organiser l\u2019espace<\/strong>\u00a0avec des expressions de lieu (et de les utiliser avec\u00a0est\u00e1\/est\u00e1n<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Exemples rapides :<\/p>\n

– La mesa est\u00e1 en el centro.<\/em><\/p>\n

– A la derecha hay una ventana.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Al fondo est\u00e1n los estudiantes.<\/em><\/p>\n

– El port\u00e1til est\u00e1 encima de la mesa.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Les adverbes de lieu en espagnol<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
\n

 <\/p>\n

1\ufe0f\u20e3 Aqu\u00ed \u2013 Ah\u00ed \u2013 All\u00ed ( distance )<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Espagnol<\/th>\nUtilisation<\/th>\nFran\u00e7ais<\/th>\nExemple<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
aqu\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\nPr\u00e8s du locuteur)<\/td>\nici<\/td>\nEl libro est\u00e1 aqu\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ah\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\nDistance moyenne \/<\/p>\n

pr\u00e8s de l\u2019interlocuteur<\/td>\n

l\u00e0<\/td>\nTu bolso est\u00e1 ah\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
all\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\nLoin<\/td>\nl\u00e0-bas<\/td>\nLa estaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 all\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

2\ufe0f\u20e3 Position : arriba \/ abajo \/ dentro \/ fuera\u2026<\/h4>\n
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 <\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Espagnol<\/th>\nFran\u00e7ais<\/th>\nExemple<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
arriba<\/td>\nen haut<\/td>\nEl gato est\u00e1 arriba.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
abajo<\/td>\nen bas<\/td>\nVive abajo.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dentro<\/td>\ndedans \/ \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur<\/td>\nEst\u00e1 dentro.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fuera<\/td>\ndehors<\/td>\nEspera fuera.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
delante<\/td>\ndevant<\/td>\nEst\u00e1 delante.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
detr\u00e1s<\/td>\nderri\u00e8re<\/td>\nEst\u00e1 detr\u00e1s.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
encima<\/td>\nsur \/ au-dessus<\/td>\nEl vaso est\u00e1 encima.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
debajo<\/td>\nsous<\/td>\nEl perro duerme debajo.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cerca<\/td>\npr\u00e8s<\/td>\nVive cerca.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
lejos<\/td>\nloin<\/td>\nEst\u00e1 lejos.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Deux exemples complets<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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La meilleure fa\u00e7on de comprendre, c\u2019est de lire comment sonne une description bien organis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Exemple 1<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\"Describir<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Description ( mod\u00e8le A2\u2192B1 ):<\/strong><\/p>\n

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En la foto\u00a0hay<\/strong>\u00a0varios estudiantes.\u00a0Est\u00e1n<\/strong>\u00a0en una clase, sentados en sus mesas. En el centro\u00a0hay<\/strong>\u00a0una mesa grande y alrededor\u00a0hay<\/strong>\u00a0cuadernos y m\u00f3viles.
\nAlgunos estudiantes\u00a0tienen<\/strong>\u00a0un cuaderno y un bol\u00edgrafo, y otros\u00a0tienen<\/strong>\u00a0un m\u00f3vil en la mano.\u00a0Est\u00e1n<\/strong> mirando el m\u00f3vil y hablando.
\nCreo que\u00a0est\u00e1n<\/strong>\u00a0preparando una actividad o un trabajo en grupo, porque parece que colaboran.<\/p>\n

 <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Exemple 2<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\"Describir<\/a><\/p>\n

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Description ( mod\u00e8le B1 ):<\/strong><\/p>\n

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En la foto\u00a0hay<\/strong>\u00a0varias personas en una reuni\u00f3n.\u00a0Est\u00e1n<\/strong>\u00a0sentadas alrededor de una mesa y, al fondo,\u00a0hay<\/strong>\u00a0una pared con material de oficina.
\nEncima de la mesa\u00a0hay<\/strong>\u00a0un port\u00e1til y documentos. Una persona\u00a0tiene<\/strong>\u00a0un ordenador delante y otra\u00a0tiene<\/strong>\u00a0una libreta.
\nProbablemente\u00a0est\u00e1n<\/strong> hablando de un proyecto, porque todos parecen concentrados. En mi opini\u00f3n es una reuni\u00f3n importante y despu\u00e9s van a tomar decisiones o repartir tareas.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00e9crire une image en espagnol, c\u2019est une chose : aider l\u2019autre \u00e0 \u00ab voir \u00bb la sc\u00e8ne. Pour y arriver, tu dois s\u00e9parer trois id\u00e9es diff\u00e9rentes :\u00a0ce qui existe\u00a0(hay),\u00a0o\u00f9 c\u2019est\u00a0(est\u00e1\/est\u00e1n) et\u00a0ce que quelqu\u2019un\/quelque chose a\u00a0(tiene\/tienen).     Trois questions, trois verbes   Quand tu d\u00e9cris,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":16977,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[861],"tags":[863,866,862,864,865],"class_list":["post-16974","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grammaire-espagnole","tag-decrire-image","tag-estar","tag-grammaire-espagnole","tag-hay","tag-tener"],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00e9crire une image en espagnol : hay, est\u00e1(n) et tiene(n) - ELE USAL Strasbourg<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Apprenez \u00e0 d\u00e9crire une image en espagnol sans vous tromper : hay (existence), est\u00e1(n) (emplacement) et tiene(n) (caract\u00e9ristiques).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/strasbourg.eleusal.com\/fr\/?p=16980\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"D\u00e9crire une image en espagnol : hay, est\u00e1(n) et tiene(n) - 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